religious persecutionpandas filter columns by name

[106], A report released by the UK's Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, and a report by the PEW organization studying worldwide restrictions of religious freedom, both have Christians suffering in the highest number of countries, rising from 125 in 2015 to 144 as of 2018. [55], Used before the 18th century as an insult,[56] atheism was punishable by death in ancient Greece as well as in the Christian[disputed discuss] and Muslim worlds during the Middle Ages. Given that the Hindu population in East Pakistan was around 11million in 1971, this suggests that up to 8million, or more than 70% of the Hindu population had fled the country. 481482, "Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated in Wakanda. Of the more than 500 people, only a few managed to avoid the terrible court.[47]. [43] More recent introductions to this period are Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England, 15581689 (2000) by John Coffey and Charitable hatred. [57][58], State atheism has been defined by David Kowalewski as the official "promotion of atheism" by a government, typically by the active suppression of religious freedom and practice. 5,110 churches and other Christian [213] In early 1990, local Urdu newspapers Aftab and Al Safa called upon Kashmiris to wage jihad against India and ordered the expulsion of all Hindus choosing to remain in Kashmir. [3] The distinction between religious persecution and religious intolerance lies in the fact that in most cases, the latter is motivated by the sentiment of the population, which may be tolerated or encouraged by the state. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "[7]:6, Perez Zagorin writes that, "According to some philosophers, tolerance is a moral virtue; if this is the case, it would follow that intolerance is a vice. [214] Many Kashmiri Pandits have been killed by Islamist militants in incidents such as the Wandhama massacre and the 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre. [313] Zoroastrians regard the Qajar period as one of their worst. The Bah Faith is a relatively new religion teaching the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people. [82][83] The actual posting of the photo was not done by the Buddhist who was falsely slandered. During her short reign from 1553 to 1558, about 290 Protestants[32] were burned at the stake. The Buddhist monks who had been slaughtered were mistaken for Brahmins according to Minhaj-i-Siraj. [265] Persecution of the Serer people continued from the medieval era to the 19th century, resulting in the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute. [207] The persecuted Hindus have remained stateless and without citizenship rights in India, since it has historically lacked any refugee law or uniform policy for persecuted refugees, state Ashish Bose and Hafizullah Emadi, though the recent Citizen Amendment Act passed by India is a form of solace for those Hindus having entered India before 2015.[206][208]. Because of Gushtasp's forecast, the Zoroastrians of Kerman were spared by the conquering army of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar. United States, University of Hawai'i Press, 2001. We "[209] Senator Edward Kennedy wrote in a report that was part of United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". According to an inscription of Khan Mengual-Temir, Metropolitan Kiril was granted the right to heavily punish with death for blasphemy against the Orthodox Church or breach of ecclesiastical privileges. Freedom of religion is not provided under the law." The Asian Age front-page story called the government actions "the Mother of all Cover-ups"[300][301] There are allegations that the violence was led and often perpetrated by Indian National Congress activists and sympathisers during the riots. It was under their rule that Catholicism became the sole compulsory allowed religion in France and that the huguenots had to massively leave the country. Even during the rule of Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the dynasty, many Zoroastrians were killed and some were taken as captives to Azerbaijan. Thereafter, they became a subject of "intense hate" with the rise of religious fundamentalism in Afghanistan. [79] Tibetan pilgrim Chjepal (11791264), who arrived in India in 1234,[80] had to flee advancing Muslim troops multiple times, as they were sacking Buddhist sites. Religious intolerance and persecution, therefore, were not seen as vices, but as necessary and salutary for the preservation of religious truth and orthodoxy and all that was seen to depend upon them. [7]:xii,xiii, James L.Gibson[10] adds that the greater the attitudes of loyalty and solidarity to the group identity, and the more the benefits to belonging there are perceived to be, the more likely a social identity will become intolerant of challenges. [97] Due to the large number of Christian majority countries, differing groups of Christians are harassed and persecuted in Christian countries such as Eritrea[98] and Mexico[99] more often than in Muslim countries, although not in greater numbers. Moreover, because a person's religion often determines their sense of morality, worldview, self-image, attitudes towards others, and overall personal identity to a significant extent, religious differences can be significant cultural, personal, and social factors. However, when people nowadays speak of religious tolerance, they most often mean civil tolerance, which refers to the degree of religious diversity that is tolerated within the state. Systemically in Pakistan, Hindus are persecuted under the government's Blasphemy Law (with often consequence of death irrelevant of the legal claim's accuracy), and as per the rhetoric of mainstream politicians interpreting vague constitutional law, have second-class rights in the nation regarding places of worship and facets of their religion. More recently, in the later months of 2005, an intensive anti-Bah campaign was conducted by Iranian newspapers and radio stations. Religious groups deemed to disrupt public order face severe monitoring and persecution. 3/4, 1999, pp. From the 20th to the 21st centuries, persecution of the Serers is less obvious, nevertheless, they are the object of scorn and prejudice. Klaus Wetzel, an expert on religious persecution for the German Bundestag, the House of Lords, the US House of Representatives, the European Parliament, and the International Institute for Religious Freedom, explains that "In around a quarter of all countries in the world, the restrictions imposed by governments, or hostilities towards one or more religious groups, are high or very high. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries,[144] including China, Vietnam, and many Islamic states. 209, 676. [316] Others include: Religious uniformity in early modern Europe, Ecclesiastical dissent and civil tolerance. In the wake of the Ogossagou massacre, the President of Mali, Ibrahim Boubacar Keta and his government ordered the dissolution of Dan Na Ambassagouwhom they hold partly responsible for the attacks. Many Christians fled persecution in the Roman empire by emigrating to the Persian empire where for a century and a half after Constantine's conversion, they were persecuted under the Sassanids, with thousands losing their lives. Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p. 23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009), Oliver, Roland Anthony, Fage, J. D., "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p. 367. [85]:76 Christianity continued to spread through "merchants, slaves, traders, captives and contacts with Jewish communities" as well as missionaries who were often killed for their efforts. Carbonneau, Robert. Nazi antisemitism provides another example of the contentious divide between ethnic and religious persecution, because Nazi propaganda tended to construct its image of Jews as belonging to a race, it de-emphasized Jews as being defined by their religion. [50] PEW has published a caution concerning the interpretation of these numbers: "The Center's recent report does not attempt to estimate the number of victims in each country it does not speak to the intensity of harassment"[51], No religious group is free from harassment in the contemporary world. On occasion, the Zoroastrian clergy assisted Muslims in attacks against those whom they deemed Zoroastrian heretics. "[54], Despite the ubiquitous nature of religious persecution, the traditional human rights community typically chooses to emphasize "more tangible encroachments on human dignity," such as violations based on race, gender, and class using national, ethnic, and linguistic groupings instead. [59] It is a misnomer which is used in reference to a government's anti-clericalism, its opposition to religious institutional power and influence, whether it is real or alleged, in all aspects of public and political life, including the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen. It is obligatory to kill their scholars and religious figures so that they do not misguide others",[190] which in that setting would have legitimized violence against them as apostates. This began as early as the 3rd century AD, by the Zoroastrian high priest Kirder of the Sasanian Empire. Abbey, M T Rosalie Akouele, "Customary Law and Slavery in West Africa", Trafford Publishing (2011), pp. [7]:8 Legal restriction from the state relies on social cooperation, so the state in its turn must protect the social group which supports it, increasing the likelihood of persecution from the state as well. It has been pointed out that there are suggestions of [262][263][264][265] The number of Serer deaths are unknown, but it triggered the exodus of the Serers of Tekrur to the south following their defeat, where they were granted asylum by the lamanes. [20], The sociological view indicates religious intolerance and persecution are largely social processes that are determined more by the context the social community exists within than anything else. Levy, Robert I. Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. [7]:2,6 Grim and Finke say it is specifically this religious regulation that leads to religious persecution. Here are 10 facts about global religious persecution from this years World Watch List. Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. [311], Persecution of Zoroastrians is the religious persecution inflicted upon the followers of the Zoroastrian faith. [307][308] The Yazidi religion is regarded as devil worship by Islamists. "JEWISH NGOs, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND PUBLIC ADVOCACY: A COMPARATIVE INQUIRY. Jewish Political Studies Review, vol. However Buddhism managed to survive but was greatly weakened. Despite the aforementioned favorable incident, the Zoroastrians during the Qajar dynasty remained in agony and their population continued to decline. >>> Religious Persecution in China Must Be Called Out. "[42], The most ambitious chronicle of that time is W.K.Jordan's magnum opus The Development of Religious Toleration in England, 15581660 (four volumes, published 19321940). [24] During the Middle Ages, population cleansing took on a largely religious character. David T. Smith, in Religious Persecution and Political Order in the United States, defines religious persecution as "violence or discrimination against members of a religious minority because of their religious affiliation," referring to "actions that are intended to deprive individuals of their political rights and to force minorities to assimilate, leave, or live as second-class citizens. Indonesia is approximately 87% Sunni Muslim, and "Shia and Ahmadi Muslims reported feeling under constant threat." [191][192] Ottomans have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya religious ruling to justify their persecution of Druze. In Xinjiang province, the government enforced restrictions on Muslims. On 2 January 2012, a Hindu worship center in New York City was firebombed. [116] This approach dramatically lowers the numerical count. In the absence of civil toleration, someone who finds himself in disagreement with his congregation does not have the option to leave and chose a different faithsimply because there is only one recognized faith in the country (at least officially). ", Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pp. A Comprehensive History Of India, Vol. The winners did not spare even the sick and the elderly, taking them out of the monastery and throwing them mercilessly in icy 'vises'. Arab Conquest to Modern Encyclopaedia Iranica", "Tommaso Campanella" first published Wed Aug 31, 2005" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Demise, Dissolution, and Elimination of Religions", United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, About.com section on Religious Intolerance, U.S. State Department 2006 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, xTome: News and Information on Religious Freedom, Christian thought on persecution and tolerance, The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, Racial bias in criminal news in the United States, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_persecution&oldid=1124065773, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with dead external links from February 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Articles with disputed statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Articles with dead external links from April 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in, In 1951, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses in the, This page was last edited on 27 November 2022, at 04:32. [7]:9 Grim and Finke say their studies indicate that the higher the degree of religious freedom, the lower the degree of violent religious persecution. In 2018, anti-Jewish hate crimes represented 57.8% of all religiously motivated hate crimes, while anti-Muslim hate crimes, which were the second most common, only represented 14.5%.[223]. [77][78] Many Buddhist monks fled to Nepal, Tibet, and South India to avoid the consequences of war. Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or a group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs or affiliations or their lack thereof. At a societal level, the dehumanization of a particular religious group may readily lead to violence or other forms of persecution. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2005. The Dogon militia group denied its involvement in the massacre and it also rejected calls to disband itself. [46] Old Believers were persecuted and executed, the order was that even those renouncing completely their beliefs and baptized in the state church to be lynched without mercy. [207][206] Many of them started arriving in and after 1992 as refugees in India, with some seeking asylum in the United Kingdom and other western countries. [137][138][139], Since 2011 hundreds of Egyptian Copts have been killed in sectarian clashes, and many homes, Churches and businesses have been destroyed. "[16]:4,6, In the ancient societies of Egypt, Greece and Rome, torture was an accepted aspect of the legal system. The persecution of Zoroastrians occurred throughout the religion's history. Although a public disagreement on secondary matters might be serious enough, it has often only led to religious discrimination. The conspiracy theory is supported by the fact that voting lists were used to identify Sikh families. [206] Their "targeted persecution" triggered an exodus and forced them to seek asylum. [85]:97,131,224225,551 This killing continued into the Early modern period beginning in the fifteenth century, to the Late modern period of the twentieth century, and into the contemporary period today.[86][87][88][89][90]. Christianity, Tolerance and Pluralism: A Theological Engagement with Isaiah Berlin's Social Theory. He advised all means of destruction to be used against heretics, but without bloodshed, in the name of 'saving souls'. [140] The abduction and disappearance of Coptic Christian women and girls also remains a serious ongoing problem. [298] Rajiv Gandhi was sworn in as Prime Minister after his mother's death and, when asked about the riots, said "when a big tree falls (Mrs. Gandhi's death), the earth shakes (occurrence of riots)" thus trying to justify communal strife.[299]. In the Christian debate on persecution and toleration, the notion of civil tolerance allowed Christian theologians to reconcile Jesus' commandment to love one's enemies with other parts of the New Testament that are rather strict regarding dissent within the church. While estimates of the number of casualties was 3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the Pakistan Army's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan. Jerusalem Academic Press. Tolerance and intolerance in England, 15001700 (2006) by Alexandra Walsham. The Chittisinghpura massacre of 35 villagers of the Sikh faith that was carried out on 20 March 2000 in the Chittisinghpora (Chittisinghpura) village of Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir, India, on the eve of President Bill Clinton's state visit to India. "[228], In China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has decreed that all members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must be "unyielding Marxist atheists". Once a Zoroastrian family was forced to convert to Islam, the children were sent to an Islamic school to learn Arabic and study the teachings of Islam, as a result some of these people lost their Zoroastrian faith. [74] Many places were destroyed and renamed. Chapter 3. no page #s available. [28], Similarly, heretical sects like Cathars, Waldensians and Lollards were brutally suppressed in Western Europe, while, at the same time, Catholic Christians lived side by side with 'schismatic' Orthodox Christians after the East-West Schism in the borderlands of Eastern Europe.[29]. However, under the Samanids, who were Zoroastrian converts to Islam, the Persian language flourished. Some people had been imprisoned and tied to the wall there, and untied after their death. Page, Willie F., "Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)", pp. [28] In 1570, Pope Pius V issued his papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, which absolved Catholics from their obligations to the government. The status of these persecuted Hindu refugees in India was in political limbo until the passage of Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 by the Indian Government. This has led to attacks and forced conversion of Hindus, and other minorities such as Christians. Under Nero, the Jewish exemption from the requirement to participate in public cults was lifted and Rome began to actively persecute monotheists. Sanderson, Alexis. "[13] This view of persecution is not limited to the Middle Ages. The Pulitzer Prizewinning journalist Sydney Schanberg covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. Coffey 2000: 38&39. [39] It was Locke who, in his Letter Concerning Toleration, defined the state in purely secular terms:[40] "The commonwealth seems to me to be a society of men constituted only for the procuring, preserving, and advancing their own civil interests. Bateman has differentiated different degrees of persecution. There are allegations that the Indian National Congress government at that time destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. 600 & 601. The descriptive use of the term religious persecution is rather difficult. Although his book was written before the September 11 attacks, John Coffey explicitly compares Islamophobia in the contemporary Western world to the English Whig Party's paranoia about the fictitious Popish Plot. For example, Hindus have been one of the targeted and persecuted minorities in Pakistan. : . "[52], At the symposium on law and religion in 2014, Michelle Mack said: "Despite what appears to be a near-universal expression of commitment to religious human rights, the frequency-and severity-of religious persecution worldwide is staggering. The tendency of societies or groups within societies to alienate or repress different subcultures is a recurrent theme in human history. [101] The Internationale Gesellschaft fr Menschenrechte[102]the International Society for Human Rightsin Frankfurt, Germany is a non-governmental organization with 30,000 members from 38 countries who monitor human rights. This continued from the first century until the early fourth, when the religion was legalized by the Edict of Milan, eventually becoming the State church of the Roman Empire. There, they formed the second major Indian Zoroastrian community known as the Iranis.[315]. "Like the extremist Islamic clerics who today provide inspiration for terrorist campaigns, the [Catholic] priests could not be treated like men who only sought the spiritual nourishment of the flock." Later operations by Indian paramilitary forces were initiated to clear the separatists from the countryside of Punjab state. "[4], From a sociological perspective, the identity formation of strong social groups such as those generated by nationalism, ethnicity, or religion, is a causal aspect of practices of persecution. [193], The persecution of the Falun Gong spiritual practice began with campaigns initiated in 1999 by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to eliminate Falun Gong in China. Bateman, J. Keith. Jinkins, Michael. "Resurrecting the Dead: Memorial Gravesites and Faith Stories of Twentieth-Century Catholic Missionaries and Laity in West Hunan, China." Government regulation refer to the laws imposed by the government to regulate a religion, and societal regulation is the discrimination of citizens towards one or more religions. Other acts of violence which are not always committed against adherents of particular religions such as war, torture, and ethnic cleansing, may take on the qualities of religious persecution when one or more of the parties which are involved in them are characterized by their religious homogeneity; an example of this occurs when conflicting populations that belong to different ethnic groups also belong to different religions or denominations. [233][234] Over 700,000 refugees have been sent abroad since 2017. In recent years, the Dogon have accused the Fulanis of supporting Islamic terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda and they have also accused the Fulanis of sheltering members of these same terrorist groups in Dogon country, leading to the creation of the Dogon militia Dan Na Ambassagou in 2016whose aim is to defend the Dogon against systematic attacks. [62][63][64] The Soviet Union attempted to suppress religion over wide areas of its influence, including places like central Asia,[65] and the post-World War II Eastern bloc. As a Christian, I am to obey those in authority over us (Romans 13), with the exception of obeying any order contrary to the Word of God as found written within the Old and New [5]:8,19,24 Since the development of identity involves 'what we are not' as much as 'what we are', there are grounds for the fear that tolerance of 'what we are not' can contribute to the erosion of identity. [citation needed], According to FBI statistics, the majority of religiously motivated hate crimes which are committed in the United States are committed against Jews. 1. [198][199][200] According to Tetsuya Nakatania Japanese scholar of Cultural Anthropology specializing in South Asia refugee history, after the mass exodus of Hindu, Sikh and other non-Muslim refugees during the 1947 partition of British India, there were several waves of Hindu refugees arrival into India from its neighbors. [254][255][256][257][250] Uyghurs and other religious minorities detained within the Xinjiang internment camps have also been subjected to systematic rape and torture. Religious and ethnic persecution of the Serer people dates back to the 11th century when King War Jabi usurped the throne of Tekrur (part of present-day Senegal) in 1030, and by 1035, introduced Sharia law and forced his subjects to submit to Islam. Following the sentence, the Hindus were attacked in different parts of the country. Religious persecution may be the result of societal and/or governmental regulation. Persecution meant that the state was committed to secure religious uniformity by coercive measures, as eminently obvious in a statement of Roger L'Estrange: "That which you call persecution, I translate Uniformity".[38]. [211] The Dotbusters were primarily based in New York and New Jersey and committed most of their crimes in Jersey City. [185] Those were no ordinary killings in the Druze's narrative, they were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative. ", "ZOROASTRIANISM ii. The perpetrators have been put to trial. [248][249][250] The Chinese Government has subjected hundreds of thousands of members of Muslim minority groups living in Xinjiang to forced abortions, forced sterilizations, and the forced administration of contraceptives (including contraceptive implants), methods of birth control that had exempted ethnic minorities up until that point. Between 2007 and 2017, the PEW organization[50] found that "Christians experienced harassment by governments or social groups in the largest number of countries"144 countriesbut that it is almost equal to the number of countries (142) in which Muslims experience harassment. [22] According to a 2019 report, government restrictions and social hostilities toward religion have risen in 187 countries. [235] Gang rapes and other acts of sexual violence, mainly against Rohingya women and girls, have also been committed by the Rakhine Buddhists and the Burmese military's soldiers, along with the arson of Rohingya homes and mosques, as well as many other human rights violations. The report contains data which the United States collects from U.S. embassies around the world in collaboration with the Office of International Religious Freedom and other relevant U.S. government and non-governmental institutions. Heisig, James W. Philosophers of Nothingness: An Essay on the Kyoto School. An estimated 20,000+ died in the massacre. Biography of Dharmasvamin (Chag lo tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal): A Tibetan Monk Pilgrim. Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in. Authorities in Xinjiang restricted access to mosques and barred youths from participating in religious activities, including fasting during Ramadan maintained extensive and invasive security and surveillance forcing Uighurs and other ethnic and religious minorities to install spyware on their mobile phones and accept government officials and CCP members living in their homes. No religion is free from internal dissent, although the degree of dissent that is tolerated within a particular religious organization can strongly vary. The English 'Call for Toleration' was a turning point in the Christian debate on persecution and toleration, and early modern England stands out to the historians as a place and time in which literally "hundreds of books and tracts were published either for or against religious toleration. [45], The Bishop of Vladimir Feodor turned some people into slaves, others were locked in prison, cut their heads, burnt eyes, cut tongues or crucified on walls. [citation needed], were cutting heads, hanging, some by the neck, some by the foot, many of them were stabbed with sharp sticks and impaled on hooks. 5,898 Christians killed for their faith. Learn how to pray for your persecuted Christian family around the world. [213] In the following days masked men ran in the streets with AK-47s, shooting to kill Hindus who would not leave. [7]:3 "When religious freedoms are denied through the regulation of religious profession or practice, violent religious persecution and conflict increase. [309] Yazidis have been persecuted by Muslim Kurdish tribes since the 10th century,[307] and by the Ottoman Empire from the 17th to the 20th centuries. . Gradually an increasing number of laws were passed which regulated Zoroastrian behavior and limited their ability to participate in society. Jordan wrote as the threat of fascism rose in Europe, and this work is seen as a defense of the fragile values of humanism and tolerance. Novgorod Bishop Gennady Gonzov turned to Tsar Ivan III requesting the death of heretics. [126] From the Muslim conquest of Egypt onwards, the Coptic Christians were persecuted by different Muslims regimes,[127] such as the Umayyad Caliphate,[128] Abbasid Caliphate,[129][130][131] Fatimid Caliphate,[132][133][134] Mamluk Sultanate,[135][136] and Ottoman Empire; the persecution of Coptic Christians included closing and demolishing churches and forced conversion to Islam. Many libraries were burned and much of their cultural heritage was lost. The state-run and influential Kayhan newspaper, whose managing editor is appointed by Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamenei The press in Iran, ran nearly three dozen articles defaming the Bah Faith. It is characterised by multifaceted propaganda campaign, a program of enforced ideological conversion and re-education, and a variety of extralegal coercive measures such as arbitrary arrests, forced labor, and physical torture, sometimes resulting in death. [206][207] Unlike the arrivals in the West, the persecuted Sikh refugees who arrived in India have remained stateless and lived as refugees because India has historically lacked any refugee law or uniform policy for persecuted refugees, state Ashish Bose and Hafizullah Emadi. The Sikh religion developed and evolved in times of religious persecution, gaining converts from both Hinduism and Islam. Furthermore, a confidential letter sent on 29 October 2005 by the Chairman of the Command Headquarters of the Armed Forced in Iran states that the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei has instructed the Command Headquarters to identify people who adhere to the Bah Faith and to monitor their activities and gather any and all information about the members of the Bah Faith. The 2018 World Watch List has the following countries as its top ten: North Korea, and Eritrea, whose Christian and Muslim religions are controlled by the state, and Afghanistan, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan, Pakistan, Libya, Iraq, Yemen, India and Iran, which are all predominantly non-Christian. To understand why religious persecution has occurred, historians like Coffey "pay close attention to what the persecutors said they were doing."[42]. [251][252][253] Uyghurs and members of other minority groups have been made subject to a widespread forced labor apparatus. She further states that "The Special Rapporteur is concerned that this latest development indicates that the situation with regard to religious minorities in Iran is, in fact, deteriorating." 4, Part 1, pp. While Mary's sister Queen Elizabeth I allegedly, "acted out of fear for the security of her realm",[33] she sought to coerce both Catholics and Protestants to embrace a national church that was completely subservient to the state. Even for a president who cared about international religious persecution, sanctions would be no answer, since governments rarely abandon fundamental political objectives because their [a] Copts have cited instances of persecution throughout their history and Human Rights Watch has noted "growing religious intolerance" and sectarian violence against Coptic Christians in recent years, as well as a failure by the Egyptian government to effectively investigate properly and prosecute those responsible. According to Yazidi tradition (based on oral traditions and folk songs), estimated that 74 genocides against the Yazidis have been carried out in the past 800 years. Grim and Roger Finke say it is this perception of plurality as dangerous that leads to persecution. [277][278], According to Ashish Bose, a population research scholar, Sikhs and Hindus were well integrated in Afghanistan until the Soviet invasion when their economic condition worsened. Heretics were drowned. N.p., Taylor & Francis, 2004. chapter 4. no page #s available, . Some of the most important events which constitute this history include the 1066 Granada massacre, the Rhineland massacres (by Catholics but against papal orders, see also: Sicut Judaeis), the Alhambra Decree after the Reconquista and the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition, the publication of On the Jews and Their Lies by Martin Luther which furthered Protestant anti-Judaism and was later used to strengthen German antisemitism and justify pogroms and the Holocaust. The writer Lomonosov opposed the religious teachings and by his initiative a scientific book against them was published. Established by Bahu'llh in the 19th century, it initially developed in Iran VOMs free 100-page Global Prayer Guide is a great prayer tool This caused great destruction to Buddhism in Japan, the destruction of Buddhist temples, images and texts took place on a large scale all over the country and Buddhist monks were forced to return to secular life. There have being reports of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. Sumpa basing his account on that of kyarbhadra who was at Magadha in 1200, states that the Buddhist university complexes of Odantapuri and Vikramshila were also destroyed and the monks massacred. Terra, 1994, Clark, Andrew F., & Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical Dictionary of Senegal". A famous report by Dr. Abul Barkat, a famous Bangladeshi economist and research, projects that there will be no Hindus left in Bangladesh in 30 years. Instances of prejudice and discrimination against Shia Muslims continued to occur"[231], Islamophobia continues. It must be unjust and undeserved it must be a direct result of one's faith. US Catholic Historian 24.3 (2006): 1937. Access Now. Since the Early modern period, an increasing number of religious cleansings were entwined with ethnic elements. [261] With the assistance of his son (Leb), their Almoravid allies and other African ethnic groups who have embraced Islam, the Muslim coalition army launched jihads against the Serer people of Tekrur who refused to abandon Serer religion in favour of Islam. [179] The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the Shia Fatimid Caliphate,[180] Mamluk,[181] Sunni Ottoman Empire,[182] and Egypt Eyalet. Over 360 million Christians living in places where they experience high levels of persecution and discrimination. [112][52][113] Gina Zurlo, the CSGC's assistant director, explained that two-thirds of the 90,000 died in tribal conflicts, and nearly half were victims of the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Gibson, James L., and Gouws, Amanda. [75] Likewise, Vikramashila was destroyed by the forces of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji around 1200. [294], The violence in Delhi was triggered by the assassination of Indira Gandhi, India's prime minister, on 31 October 1984, by two of her Sikh bodyguards in response to her actions authorising the military operation. Queen Mary was motivated by determination to exterminate Protestantism from all her Kingdoms and to restore the independence of the English Church from control by the state. Persecution of Christians is on the rise in at least 18 countries, especially in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, due to growing jihadism and nationalism, according to a report released by a Whalen, Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society, and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God. Gennady admired the Spanish inquisitors, especially his contemporary Torquemada, who for 15 years of inquisition activity burned and punished thousands of people. [93][94][95] Of the 100200million Christians alleged to be under assault, the majority are persecuted in Muslim-majority nations. Hindus constitute approximately 0.5% of the total population of the United States. Religious persecution may be triggered by religious bigotry (i.e. As Christian R. Raschle[14] and Jitse H. F. Dijkstra,[15] say: "Religious violence is a complex phenomenon that exists in all places and times. The identity of the perpetrators remains unknown. Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or a group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs or affiliations or their lack thereof. The persecution of beliefs that are deemed schismatic is one thing; the persecution of beliefs that are deemed heretical or blasphemous is another. Hans G. Kippenberg[de] says it is these communities, who can be a majority or a minority, that generate violence. [24] Richard Dawkins has argued that references to ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia and Iraq are euphemisms for what should more accurately be called religious cleansing. [312], A Zoroastrian astrologer named Mulla Gushtasp predicted the fall of the Zand dynasty to the Qajar army in Kerman. [236], The ongoing Uyghur genocide is a series of human rights abuses perpetrated by the Chinese government against the majority-Muslim Uyghur people and other ethnic and religious minorities in and around the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the People's Republic of China. 89. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. [100], There are low to moderate restrictions on religious freedom in three-quarters of the world's countries, with high and very high restrictions in a quarter of them, according to the State Department's report on religious freedom and persecution delivered annually to Congress. [14]. The U.S. government estimates that, since April 2017, the Chinese government arbitrarily detained more than one million Uighurs, ethnic Kazakhs, Hui, and members of other Muslim groups, as well as Uighur Christians, in specially built or converted internment camps in Xinjiang and subjected them to forced disappearance, political indoctrination, torture, physical and psychological abuse, including forced sterilization and sexual abuse, forced labor, and prolonged detention without trial because of their religion and ethnicity. [dead link], In the press release the Special Rapporteur states that she "is highly concerned by information she has received concerning the treatment of members of the Bah community in Iran." Religious persecution has occurred in different historical, geographical and social contexts since at least antiquity. [297] The most affected regions were the Sikh neighbourhoods in Delhi. Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11. More Christians are murdered in Nigeria than in any other country. After the assassination following Operation Blue Star, many Indian National Congress workers including Jagdish Tytler, Sajjan Kumar and Kamal Nath were accused of inciting and participating in riots targeting the Sikh population of the capital. [310] After the 2014 Sinjar massacre of thousands of Yazidis by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Yazidis still face violence from the Turkish Armed Forces and its ally the Syrian National Army, as well as discrimination from the Kurdistan Regional Government. Militancy and sectarianism has been rising in Pakistan since the 1990s, and the religious minorities have "borne the brunt of the Islamist's ferocity" suffering "greater persecution than in any earlier decade", states Farahnaz Ispahania Public Policy Scholar at the Wilson Center. Although tougher anti-hate crime laws were passed by the New Jersey legislature in 1990, the attacks continued, with 58 cases of hate crimes against Indians in New Jersey reported in 1991. Currently, Muslims face religious restrictions in 142 countries according to the PEW report on rising religious restrictions around the world. It was pushed to the extreme by absolutist regimes, particularly by the French kings Louis XIV and his successors. The Indian government asserts that the massacre was conducted by Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). This degree of diversity tolerated within a particular church is described as ecclesiastical tolerance,[44] and is one form of religious toleration. Due to the increasing contacts with influential Parsi philanthropists such as Maneckji Limji Hataria, many Zoroastrians left Iran for India. In the early days of Islam at Mecca, the new Muslims were often subjected to abuse and persecution by the pagan Meccans (often called Mushrikin: the unbelievers or polytheists). Hindus have experienced historical and current religious persecution and systematic violence. [1] Indeed, in many countries, religious persecution has resulted in so much violence that it is considered a human rights problem. [7]:8, The following statistics from Pew Research Center show that Jews and Hindus are the "most likely to live in countries where their groups experience harassment" (99%), followed closely by Muslims (97%). SACRED HEART CATHOLIC CHURCH: Religious Education. [145][146], Authors including William Whalen, Shawn Francis Peters and former Witnesses Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Alan Rogerson and William Schnell have claimed the arrests and mob violence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s were the consequence of what appeared to be a deliberate course of provocation of authorities and other religious groups by Jehovah's Witnesses. Persecution of Muslims is the religious persecution that is inflicted upon followers of the Islamic faith. The 1584 Parliament of England, declared in "An Act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons" that the purpose of all Catholic missionaries who had come to Britain was "to stir up and move sedition, rebellion and open hostility". [213] Notices were placed on the houses of all Hindus, telling them to leave within 24 hours or die. The data is available to the public. Therefore, around three quarters of the world's population live in them. [291], The 1984 anti-Sikhs riots were a series of pogroms[292][293][294][295] directed against Sikhs in India, by anti-Sikh mobs, in response to the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. In Finland, "A report by the European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) said hate crimes and intolerant speech in public discourse, principally against Muslims and asylum seekers (many of whom belong to religious minorities), had increased in recent years A Finns Party politician publicly compared Muslim asylum seekers to an invasive species." While dissenters from the official Church only faced fines and imprisonment in Protestant England, six people were executed for heresy or blasphemy during the reign of Elizabeth I, and two more were executed in 1612 under James I. Religious Persecution Defined. However, a series of attacks were made on people Indian origin by a street gang called the "Dotbusters" in New Jersey in 1987, the dot signifying the Bindi dot sticker worn on the forehead by Indian women. Don't call it persecution when it's not. "[41] With this treatise, John Locke laid one of the most important intellectual foundations of the separation of church and state, which ultimately led to the secular state. For example, Odantapuri's monasteries were destroyed in 1197 by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji and the town was renamed. [76] The sacred Mahabodhi Temple was almost completely destroyed by the Muslim invaders. [96] Every year, the Christian non-profit organization Open Doors publishes the World Watch Lista list of the top 50 countries which it designates as the most dangerous for Christians. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the Pakistan Army, which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well), (Newsday, 29 April 1994). This persecution ended in 313 AD with the Edict of Milan, and Christianity was made the official religion of the empire in 380 AD. In England, there had been several Acts of Uniformity; in continental Europe, the Latin phrase "cuius regio, eius religio" had been coined in the 16th century and applied as a fundament for the Peace of Augsburg (1555). [224][225] Muslims were persecuted by Meccans at the time of Muhammed. "[41] Concerning the church, he went on: "A church, then, I take to be a voluntary society of men, joining themselves together of their own accord. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt These events also reflect the Muslim attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts. Buckland, A. R. "Missionary Martyrs of the Nineteenth Century." [11]:93[12]:64 Combining a strong social identity with the state, increases the benefits, therefore it is likely persecution from that social group will increase. 6162, 64, 98. Although it is impossible to determine with certainty the exact numbers of people persecuted for their faith or religious affiliation, it is unquestioned that "violations of freedom of religion and belief, including acts of severe persecution, occur with fearful frequency. [218][219] This trend has continued, sadly; Islamist groups in Bangladesh, nearing the 50th anniversary of the Bengali Hindu Genocide, set fire to and vandalized several Hindu temples along with 80 houses. In modern western civil law any citizen may join and leave a religious organization at will; In western societies, this is taken for granted, but actually, this legal separation of Church and State only started to emerge a few centuries ago. This included the tethering to a ponytail, drowning and freezing people alive in lakes. Even though the faith originally developed out of Ismaili Islam, most Druze do not identify as Muslims,[176][177][178] and they do not accept the Five Pillars of Islam. when members of a dominant group denigrate religions other than their own) or it may be triggered by the state when it views a particular religious group as a threat to its interests or security. Despite their communal conflict and riots record, the Indian National Congress claims to be a secular party. There were several demonstrations by neo-Nazis and nativist groups in 2019. [6] Brian J. [210] The lackadaisical attitude of the local police prompted the South Asian community to arrange small groups all across the state to fight back against the street gang. [7]:2 Both the state, and any dominant religion, share the concern that to "leave religion unchecked and without adequate controls will result in the uprising of religions that are dangerous to both state and citizenry," and this concern gives both the dominant religion and the state motives for restricting religious activity. In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. [48] Mehdi Ghezali and Murat Kurnaz were among the Muslims who were imprisoned in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, but they were not found to have any connections to terrorism, because they had previously traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan to pursue their religious interests. [283][284][285][286][287][288][289][290], In June 1984, during Operation Blue Star, Indira Gandhi ordered the Indian Army to attack the Golden Temple and eliminate any insurgents, as it had been occupied by Sikh separatists who were stockpiling weapons. Such jihads caused the Dogon to abandon their original villages and move up to the cliffs of Bandiagara in search of a place where they could defend themselves more efficiently and escape persecutionwhich they often did by building their dwellings in little nooks and crannies. [186] Most recently, the Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, saw persecution of the Druze at the hands of Islamic extremists. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219. The book was destroyed, the Russian synod insisted Lomonosov's works to be burned and requested his punishment. [73] Muslim forces attacked the north-western regions of the Indian subcontinent many times. ", "Individual, collective, and transgenerational traumatization in the Yazidi", "Editors' Introduction: Palimpsestic Genocide in Kurdistan", "The 72nd Firman of the Yezidis: A "Hidden Genocide" during World War I? [194] [312], Most were forced to convert due to the systematic abuse and discrimination inflicted upon them by followers of Islam. 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